ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Childhood obesity is a global problem, causing social and psychological damage, as well as physical health risks. This study estimated the occurrence of body image dissatisfaction in primary schoolchildren aged 9-13 years and investigated its association with obesity and other factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, for which 533 students attending three public primary schools in Acapulco were recruited. Students completed a facilitated self-administered questionnaire about their age, sex, socioeconomic level, body image satisfaction, and perception of their parents body image. We registered anthropometry of the students and calculated body mass index (BMI). We examined the associations of BMI category and other factors with body image dissatisfaction, calculating the cluster-adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results: From the total number of participants, 75% (181/243) of girls and 73% (170/232) of boys were dissatisfied with their body image and wanted a slimmer body. About half were overweight or obese: 45% (121/271) of girls and 52% (135/262) of boys. Overweight or obese children were much more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image (cluster adjusted: 6.73; 95% CI: 5.42-8.36). No other factors were significantly associated with body image dissatisfaction. One-third of the girls (32%, 86/271) and 17% (45/261) of the boys reported an underweight desired body image. Conclusions: The high level of obesity is a cause for concern and an even higher level of body image dissatisfaction as well. The high dissatisfaction among children suggests that boys, as well as girls in Mexico, may now be subjected to intense social pressure about desirable body image.
Resumen Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema global que causa daños sociales, psicológicos y en la salud física. Se estimó la ocurrencia de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal en escolares de 9 a 13 años, y su asociación con la obesidad y otros factores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 533 estudiantes de tres escuelas primarias públicas en Acapulco, México. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico, satisfacción con la imagen corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los padres. Se midieron el peso y la talla, y se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se examinaron las asociaciones entre el IMC y otros factores con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, y se calculó la razón de momios ajustada por conglomerado y sus intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: El 75% (181/243) de niñas y el 73% (170/232) de niños estaban insatisfechos con su imagen corporal; casi todos deseaban un cuerpo más delgado. El 45% (121/271) de las niñas y el 52% (135/262) de los niños presentaba sobrepeso u obesidad, lo que se asoció con la insatisfacción con su imagen corporal (ajustado por clúster: 6.73; IC 95%: 5.42-8.36). Ningún otro factor se asoció significativamente con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. El 32% (86/271) de las niñas y el 17% (45/261) de los niños reportaron una imagen corporal deseada con bajo peso. Conclusiones: El alto nivel de obesidad y el mayor nivel de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal son motivo de preocupación. La insatisfacción sugiere que los niños y las niñas en México pueden verse sometidos a una fuerte presión social sobre la imagen corporal deseable.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pediatric Obesity , Schools , Body Image , Cross-Sectional Studies , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
A sífilis segue um curso semiológico em que aparece, desaparece e ressurge com variados sinais e sintomas, exigindo dos examinadores conhecimentos clínicos e laboratoriais que os conduzam ao seu diagnóstico. A disseminação do Treponema pallidum envolve praticamente todos os sistemas orgânicos,dificultando diagnósticos e justificando a histórica consagração de que a sífilis é uma grande simuladora de várias outras doenças. A mucosa bucal é importante área sinalizadora para o reconhecimento da doença através de exame clínico sistemático e detalhado. Infelizmente, a incidência e prevalênciade sífilis no mundo não expressa sinais claros de pronunciada diminuição, sobretudo na América Latina e nos países ditos emergentes. O propósito dopresente trabalho é relatar o caso de um paciente com manifestações clínicas de sífilis e aids (síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida) na boca, que foram primariamente interpretadas como líquen plano.
Syphilis follows a semiological course in which it appears, disappears, and reappears with various signs and symptoms, demanding clinical and laboratorial knowledge that lead to its diagnosis from examiners. The dissemination of Treponema pallidum involves practically all of the organic systems, complicating diagnosis and justifying the historic consecration that syphilis is a large simulator of various other diseases. The oral mucosa is an important signalizing areafor disease recognition by way of a systematic and detailed clinical examination. Unfortunately, the incidence and prevalence of syphilis in the world does notexpress clear signs of pronounced decrease, especially in Latin America and in the so-called emerging countries. The purpose of the present study is to report thecase of a patient with clinical oral manifestations of syphilis and aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) that were primarily interpreted as lichen planus